The study system
Dutch higher education features a binary structure conforming to the Bologna process: 1) Research Universities (WO): Focus on theoretical foundation and advanced independent research (13 comprehensive universities including Amsterdam, TU Delft, Leiden). Bachelor's degrees take 3 years (180 ECTS); Master's take 1 to 2 years (60–120 ECTS). 2) Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO): Practical, professionally oriented training with embedded internships. Bachelor's take 4 years (240 ECTS). 3) Doctorate (PhD): Typically 4 years; doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are primarily treated as employed university staff receiving competitive monthly salaries and employment benefits. The academic year begins in September and finishes in late June.








