The study system
French higher education follows the European LMD system: • Licence (bachelor’s): 3 years after the baccalaureate; also professional licences and the BUT at university institutes of technology. • Master’s: 2 years (M1 and M2). • Doctorate: about 3 years, usually with a funded doctoral contract. • Grandes Écoles in engineering, management and political science, usually entered after two preparatory years (CPGE) or through direct admission for international students. Most programmes are taught in French, and universities usually require level B2 (DELF or TCF); there are English-taught programmes, especially at master’s level. The academic year starts in September.












